Introductory and Non-essential Elements
For further explanation, visit our online handouts: Basic Punctuation Rules and Comma Rules.

 
    1.   In the first round of the tournament I played one of the best teams.
    2.   In the first round of the tournament, I played one of the best teams.
    1.   Fortunately, I had a spare set of keys with me.
    2.   Fortunately I had a spare set of keys with me.
    1.   At the track meet our team placed first.
    2.   At the track meet, our team placed first.
    1.   There were two drivers involved. The driver who caused the wreck was going too fast.
    2.   There were two drivers involved. The driver, who caused the wreck, was going too fast.
    1.   My car which is seven years old refuses to start on cold mornings.
    2.   My car, which is seven years old, refuses to start on cold mornings.
    1.   Lydia Carbrera, who was born in Cuba, wrote many books about African Cuban culture.
    2.   Lydia Carbrera who was born in Cuba wrote many books about African Cuban culture.
    1.   Leigh, noticing my confusion, rephrased her question.
    2.   Leigh noticing my confusion rephrased her question.
    1.   Those participating in the food drive should bring their donations by Friday.
    2.   Those, participating in the food drive, should bring their donations by Friday.
    1.   Most of the student body remained home, but the students who were elected as representatives attended a special conference.
    2.   Most of the student body remained home, but the students, who were elected as representatives, attended a special conference.
    1.   Three of your cats are beautiful, but your cat lying on the back of the couch is ugly.
    2.   Three of your cats are beautiful, but your cat, lying on the back of the couch, is ugly.
    1.   Yes, I heard your question.
    2.   Yes I heard your question.
    1.   Exhausted after the five-mile hike, the Girl Scouts took a break.
    2.   Exhausted after the five-mile hike the Girl Scouts took a break.
    1.   In the first round of the golf tournament I played the best golfer in the state.
    2.   In the first round of the golf tournament, I played the best golfer in the state.
    1.   After I had locked the car door I remembered that the keys were still in the ignition.
    2.   After I had locked the car door, I remembered that the keys were still in the ignition.
    1.   Following directions can sometimes be difficult.
    2.   Following directions, can sometimes be difficult.
    1.   Correct sentence (no changes needed).
    2.   The sentence needs one comma.
    3.   The sentence needs two commas.
    4.   The comma(s) in the sentence should be removed.
    1.   Correct sentence (no changes needed).
    2.   The sentence needs one comma.
    3.   The sentence needs two commas.
    4.   The comma(s) in the sentence should be removed.
    1.   Correct sentence (no changes needed).
    2.   The sentence needs one comma.
    3.   The sentence needs two commas.
    4.   The comma(s) in the sentence should be removed.
    1.   Correct sentence (no changes needed).
    2.   The sentence needs one comma.
    3.   The sentence needs two commas.
    4.   The comma(s) in the sentence should be removed.
    1.   Correct sentence (no changes needed).
    2.   The sentence needs one comma.
    3.   The sentence needs two commas.
    4.   The comma(s) in the sentence should be removed.
    1.   Correct sentence (no changes needed).
    2.   The sentence needs one comma.
    3.   The sentence needs two commas.
    4.   The comma(s) in the sentence should be removed.
    1.   Correct sentence (no changes needed).
    2.   The sentence needs one comma.
    3.   The sentence needs two commas.
    4.   The comma(s) in the sentence should be removed.
    1.   Correct sentence (no changes needed).
    2.   The sentence needs one comma.
    3.   The sentence needs two commas.
    4.   The comma(s) in the sentence should be removed.
    1.   Correct sentence (no changes needed).
    2.   The sentence needs one comma.
    3.   The sentence needs two commas.
    4.   The comma(s) in the sentence should be removed.
    1.   Correct sentence (no changes needed).
    2.   The sentence needs one comma.
    3.   The sentence needs two commas.
    4.   The comma(s) in the sentence should be removed.

 Last Updated 6/10/05